2007年5月9日 星期三

Ancient Maya City of Calakmul, Campeche


Calakmul (also Kalakmul and other less frequent variants) is the name given to site of one of the largest ancient Maya cities ever uncovered. It is located in the 1,800,000 acre Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, deep in the jungles of the greater Petén Basin region, 30 km from the Guatemalan border. First discovered from the air by biologist Cyrus L. Lundell of the Mexican Exploitation Chicle Company on December 29, 1931, the find was reported to Sylvanus G. Morley of the Carnegie Institute at Chichen Itza in March 1932. According to Lundell, who named the site, "In Maya, 'ca' means 'two', 'lak' means 'adjacent', and 'mul' signifies any artificial mound or pyramid, so 'Calakmul' is the 'City of the Two Adjacent Pyramids'." Calakmul was the major seat of power of the Kaan or "Kingdom of the Snake", which first arose further north but built Calakmul into a Late Classic Era superpower ally of Caracol and rival to Tikal. A series of 11 painted vessels, dubbed Dynastic Vases, describe the ascensions of the Kaan rulers, including ancestral and legendary figures. Calakmul probably supported a population of over 50,000, and so far more than 6,250 structures have been discovered in an area of up to 70 square kilometers with a substantial northern wall and a series of water management features (Calakmul's reservoirs include the largest in the Maya world) delineating a dense core of 22 square kilometers. Calakmul's 45 meter pyramid "Structure 2" is the largest Classic Era Maya temple platform known. Many of the city's monuments and structures are constructed of chalky local limestone, which has made interpretation of the site difficult. After a long period of inactivity following Morley's 1932 expedition, the city was explored by William Folan between 1984 and 1994, and is now the subject of a large-scale project of the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) under Ramón Carrasco.


遴選理由:   标准(i):卡拉科姆鲁的纪念碑是玛雅文化的突出代表,为这个城市的政治发展和精神面貌作出了很大贡献;  標準(i):卡拉科姆魯的紀念碑是瑪雅文化的突出代表,為這個城市的政治發展和精神面貌作出了很大貢獻;   标准(ii):卡拉科姆鲁呈现给世人一系列保存格外完好的纪念碑,是十二个世纪以来玛雅建筑、艺术、和城市发展的典型代表;  標準(ii):卡拉科姆魯呈現給世人一系列保存格外完好的紀念碑,是十二個世紀以來瑪雅建築、藝術、和城市發展的典型代表;   标准(iii):卡拉科姆鲁的给人深刻印象的遗址展现了玛雅城市的政治生活和精神生活;  標準(iii):卡拉科姆魯的給人深刻印象的遺址展現了瑪雅城市的政治生活和精神生活;   标准(iv):卡拉科姆鲁是人类居住建筑发展重要阶段的突出代表。  標準(iv):卡拉科姆魯是人類居住建築發展重要階段的突出代表。  
 
翻譯:Calakmul (也是Kalakmul 和其它較不頻繁變形) 是最大的古老Maya 城市的當中一個曾經被揭露的名字。它位於1,800,000 英畝.Calakmul 生物圈儲備, 深在更加巨大的Pet3en 盆地地區的密林, 從危地馬拉邊界有30公里.Exploitation Chicle Company 在1931 年12月29 日 發現.向Sylvanus G. Morley 報告卡內基學院.在Chichen Itza 在1932 年3月。根據Lundell,命名站點, "用Maya,' 加州' 手段意味' 毗鄰', 並且' mul ' 符號化任一座人為土墩或金字塔, 因此' Calakmul ' 是二座毗鄰城市的金字塔.
Calakmul 是蛇的意思或"王國的力量主要位子", 第一次升起進一步北部但修造了Calakmul. 一個已故的經典時代超級大國盟友和敵手Tikal 。一系列取綽號的朝代花瓶, 描述Kaan 統治者的ascensions, 包括祖先和傳奇圖。Calakmul 大概支持了人口50,000, 並且到目前為止超過6,250 個結構被發現了在面積的70 平方公里以一個堅固北牆壁和一系列的水管理特點(Calakmul 的水庫包括最大在Maya 世界) .描述22 平方公里一個密集的核心。
Calakmul 的45 米金字塔"結構2" 是最大的經典時代Maya 寺廟平臺。許多城市的紀念碑和結構被修建成多白粉石灰石, 使站點困難。隨著以後的長期Morley 1932 年遠征, 城市由威廉Folan 探索了這遺產在1984 年和1994 年之間, 是現在人類學和歷史全國學院的一個大規模項

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